Empirical Bayes Shrinkage Estimates of State Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation Rates: Fiscal Year 2020 and Fiscal Year 2022
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Associated Project
Using Microsimulation in Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Policy Analysis
Prepared for:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service
Key Findings
- An estimated 88 percent of eligible people received SNAP benefits in fiscal year 2022. However, participation rates varied widely from State to State.
- In 19 States and the District of Columbia, the rates were statistically significantly higher than the national rate, and in 19 States, the rates were significantly lower.
- On average, 90 percent confidence intervals for fiscal year 2022 shrinkage estimates of State SNAP participation rates were 41 percent narrower than the corresponding confidence intervals for direct estimates.
The State participation rate estimates were derived by using empirical Bayes shrinkage estimation methods and data from the CPS ASEC, the ACS, and administrative records. The shrinkage estimator averaged direct estimates of participation rates with predictions from a regression model. The regression predictions were based on observed indicators of socioeconomic conditions in the States, such as the percentage of a State’s population receiving SNAP benefits. Shrinkage estimators improve precision by “borrowing strength,” that is, by using data for several years from all the States to derive each State’s estimates for a given year and by using data from multiple sources, including sample surveys and administrative data. On average, 90 percent confidence intervals for fiscal year 2022 shrinkage estimates were 41 percent narrower than the corresponding confidence intervals for direct estimates. This report describes the shrinkage estimator in detail.
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