The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which has funded four initiatives promoting strategic use of data at the state and district levels, requested that Mathematica develop a conceptual framework for data-driven decision making (DDDM) based upon knowledge generated from Mathematica’s evaluation of the strategic data use initiatives and from existing literature on data use in education. The framework, encompassed in this document as two key figures, aims to provide a comprehensive picture of the DDDM process in education. Separately, we also include an annotated bibliography of the literature we used to inform the framework.